Configuring VM Settings

Required Settings

After installing the OVF to create the SoftNAS Virtual Storage Appliance VM, configure the VM settings in accordance with best practices and network needs. The boot disk (Hard Disk 1) should be set to 100 GB, thin-provisioned. This is the default configuration, and should not be changed without reason.

For a quick benchmarking resource configuration, use 4 vCPUs and 16 GB of RAM. Configure storage and run benchmarking tools to observe resource utilization in the SoftNAS StorageCenter Dashboard charts and vSphere performance charts.

RAM Note: The operating system and SoftNAS consume up to 1 GB of RAM, using most of the remaining RAM for cache memory and metadata. The more RAM assigned to the VM, the better read cache performance will be, as SoftNAS will keep as much data in RAM cache as possible.

Consider this resource allocation for deduplication: at least 1 GB of RAM per terabyte of deduplicated storage, to keep the deduplication tables in memory (or supplement the RAM cache with a read cache device).

Optional Settings

Paravirtual SCSI Disk Controller Support

For maximum throughput and IOPS on VMware, choose the Paravirtual SCSI Controller for the SoftNAS VM (instead of using the default LSI Logic Parallel SCSI controller).

VM Snapshot Mode

Before applying software updates to SoftNAS after it is in production, and to support online backups in popular backup programs, VM snapshots are useful as part of the backup and recovery process. Depending on the plan to manage backups of VM data, choose which mode snapshots will operate in.

Independent Mode - to enable smaller VM snapshots, configure the boot disk, Hard Disk 1, in the "Independent" mode. This causes VM snapshots to apply only to this first hard disk by default (and not include all added data disks, which could be prohibitively large). The advantage of using Independent mode is VM snapshots will be faster and smaller.
Dependent Mode - by default, VM snapshots include all hard disks attached to the VM. When used with SoftNAS and a VM backup process, this setting causes all SoftNAS VM disks to be backed up together as a set. This results in much larger backup sets, but may be preferable as a means of achieving additional protection and recoverability in the event of a disaster or need to restore the entire storage system to a different computer or location. If there are only a few terabytes to back up, this may be the prudent choice.

Network Adapter

On a typical 1 gigabit network, the default E1000 network adapter is sufficient; however, for a 10 gigabit or higher-performance network card, the VMXNET 3 network adapter should be used for best results and higher throughput. Note that installation of the VMXNET 3 requires installation of the proper VMware Tools in the guest operating system (in this case, CentOS 64-bit Linux).

Memory / CPU Hot Plug

It is recommended to allow CPU Hot Plug and disable Memory Hot Add, which will make it more convenient to add CPU later to use a lot of data compression or other features that consume additional CPU. Linux seems to do fine when additional CPU are added at run-time.

Add memory with the system powered down and disable hot add of memory at run time.

Performance Tuning for VMware vSphere

Achieving peak storage performance in the VMware environment involves tuning the VMware configuration beyond default values. The following are recommended best practices for tuning VMware for use with SoftNAS.

VMDirectPath

VMDirectPath provides a means of passing a disk controller device directly through to the guest operating system (i.e., CentOS Linux).

To enable VMDirectPath Configuration page in the vSphere Client

Select the ESX host from Inventory.
Select the Configuration tab.
Select Advanced Settings under Hardware.
Edit and select device(storage controller, physical NIC)

Intel VT-d (or equivalent) processor feature is required for support of VMDirectPath.

VM SCSI Controller - Set to Paravirtual

In VMware, change the SCSI controller type to "Paravirtual", which provides more efficient access to storage.

Physical NIC Settings

A host physical NIC can have settings, which can provide better utilization and performance improvement:

Most 1GbE or 10GbE NICs (Network Interface Cards) support a feature called interrupt moderation or interrupt throttling, which coalesces interrupts from the NIC to the host so that the host does not get overwhelmed and spend too many CPU cycles processing interrupts.

To disable physical NIC interrupt moderation on the ESXi host execute the following commands from the ESXi SSH session:

# Find the appropriate module parameter for the NIC by first finding the driver using the ESXi command:
esxcli network nic list

# Find the list of module parameters for the driver used:
esxcli system module parameters list -m <driver>

Example

This example applies to the Intel 10GbE driver called ixgbe:

esxcli system module parameters set -m ixgbe -p "InterruptThrottleRate=0"

Also, check the host for SR-IOV support, which provides additional performance and throughput in virtualized systems like VMware.

Adjust Network Heap Size for high network traffic

By default, the ESX server network stack allocates 64MB of buffers to handle network data. Increase buffer allocation from 64MB to 128MB memory to handle more network data.

Change Heap Size of ESX Host

Navigate to the Configuration tab for the ESX Server host and select Advanced Settings > VMkernel > Boot > VMkernel.Boot.netPktHeapMaxSize

Virtual NIC Settings

VM’s virtual adapter has many tuning options, which can also provide much better throughput:

Configure jumbo frames (MTU 9000) in vSwitch and virtual network adapter (be sure physical switch supports MTU 9000)

We recommend VMXNET 3 virtual NICs.

To disable the virtual interrupt coalescing for VMXNET 3 virtual NICs open the vSphere Client and then navigate to VM Settings > Options tab > Advanced General > Configuration Parameters.
Add an entry for ethernetX.coalescingScheme with a value of disabled.

An alternative way to disable virtual interrupt coalescing for all virtual NICs on the host which affects all VMs, not just the latency-sensitive ones, is by setting the advanced networking performance option under Configuration > Advanced Settings > Net to CoalesceDefaultOn to 0 (disabled).

Disable LRO

Log into the SoftNAS VM as root using SSH or the Desktop Console.
Append the following line in /etc/modprobe.conf:
```
(options vmxnet3 disable_lro=1)
```
Reload the VMXNET3 driver using the following command:
```
modprobe -r vmxnet3
```

Physical Host BIOS Settings

On most servers, these BIOS Settings can improve the overall performance of the host:

Turn on Hyper-threading in BIOS
Confirm that the BIOS is set to enable all populated sockets for all cores
Enable “Turbo Mode” for processors that support it
Confirm that hardware-assisted virtualization features are enabled in the BIOS
Disable any other power-saving mode in the BIOS
Disable any unneeded devices from the BIOS, such as serial and USB ports
In order to allow ESXi to control CPU power-saving features, set power management in the BIOS to “OS Controlled Mode” or equivalent. Even without planning to use these power-saving features, ESXi provides a convenient way to manage them.
C-states deeper than C1/C1E (i.e., C3, C6) allow further power savings, though with an increased chance of performance impacts. We recommend, however, enabling all C-states in BIOS, then use ESXi host power management to control their use.

NUMA Settings

NUMA systems are advanced server platforms with more than one system bus. They can harness large numbers of processors in a single system image with superior price to performance ratios. The high latency of accessing remote memory in NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) architecture servers can add a non-trivial amount of latency to application performance.

For best performance of latency-sensitive applications in guest operating systems, all vCPUs should be scheduled on the same NUMA node and all VM memory should fit and be allocated out of the local physical memory attached to that NUMA node.

Processor affinity for vCPUs to be scheduled on specific NUMA nodes, as well as memory affinity for all VM memory to be allocated from those NUMA nodes, can be set using the vSphere Client. Navigate to VM Settings > Options tab > Advanced General > Configuration Parameters.

From here, add entries for numa.nodeAffinity=0, 1, etc., where 0, 1, etc. are the processor socket numbers.

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